— Cutting and shortening of fibers
— Fines production and complete removal of parts from fiber walls, creating debris（碎片）in suspension（纸浆悬浮液）
— External fibrillation（外部细纤维化）, the partial removal of the fiber wall, leaving it still attached to（依附，附属于）the fiber
— Internal changes in the wall structure, variously described as delamination（耐剥离性）, internal fibrillation, or swelling（润胀）
— Curling（弯曲，卷曲） the fiber or straightening the fiber
— Creating nodes（打结）, kinks（扭结）, slip planes, microcompressions in the cell wall, or removing those from cell wall（细胞壁）
— Dissolving or leaching out（浸出） colloidal material into the external liquor
— Redistribution（重新分布） of hemicelluloses from the interior of the fiber to the exterior
— Abrasion（磨损） of the surface at the molecular level to produce a more gelatinous（胶状的） surface.
— Fines production and complete removal of parts from fiber walls, creating debris（碎片）in suspension（纸浆悬浮液）
— External fibrillation（外部细纤维化）, the partial removal of the fiber wall, leaving it still attached to（依附，附属于）the fiber
— Internal changes in the wall structure, variously described as delamination（耐剥离性）, internal fibrillation, or swelling（润胀）
— Curling（弯曲，卷曲） the fiber or straightening the fiber
— Creating nodes（打结）, kinks（扭结）, slip planes, microcompressions in the cell wall, or removing those from cell wall（细胞壁）
— Dissolving or leaching out（浸出） colloidal material into the external liquor
— Redistribution（重新分布） of hemicelluloses from the interior of the fiber to the exterior
— Abrasion（磨损） of the surface at the molecular level to produce a more gelatinous（胶状的） surface.
As a result of the above effects, fibers after refining are collapsed (flattened) （坍塌，压溃）and made more flexible（柔韧）, and their bonding surface area is increased. The measurable fiber and sheet properties, when refining chemical pulps, can be seen as follows：
— Drainage resistance （脱水阻力）(water removal resistance) increases.
— Tensile strength, tensile stiffness, burst strength, internal bonding strength, and fracture toughness（断裂韧性） increases.
— Tear strength of softwood fibers might slightly improve at first, but then decreases, whereas that of hardwood fibers at first significantly increases but then decreases after prolonged refining（延长磨浆）.
— Air permeability（透气率）, bulk, absorbency, opacity, and light scattering（光散射） decreases.
— Brightness slightly decreases.
— Tensile strength, tensile stiffness, burst strength, internal bonding strength, and fracture toughness（断裂韧性） increases.
— Tear strength of softwood fibers might slightly improve at first, but then decreases, whereas that of hardwood fibers at first significantly increases but then decreases after prolonged refining（延长磨浆）.
— Air permeability（透气率）, bulk, absorbency, opacity, and light scattering（光散射） decreases.
— Brightness slightly decreases.
